Illustration · 108 half-cut cells

Solar panelThornova Solar

Thornova Solar TS-SBT54(440)

Name: Thornova Solar TS-SBT54(440)
Brand: Thornova Solar

108 half-cut cells. Power classes 420–460 W in the CEC list.

CEC listed · Sep 11, 2025UL 61730

Power class

Power (STC)440 WCEC nameplate
Efficiency≈22.7%calculated from area
%/°C Pmax−0.293CEC listing test
PTC / STC95.1%PTC 419 W (CEC)

Power classes

CEC PV Module List (Oct 7, 2026) · Cali-Graf calculation · 9 models

Model	Pmax	Voc, V	Isc, A	Vmp, V	Imp, A	Efficiency	PTC	CEC listed
TS-SBT54(420)	420 W	38.51	13.40	32.92	12.76	≈21.6%	399 W	Sep 11, 2025
TS-SBT54(425)	425 W	38.64	13.48	33.07	12.85	≈21.9%	404 W	Sep 11, 2025
TS-SBT54(430)	430 W	38.77	13.57	33.20	12.95	≈22.2%	409 W	Sep 11, 2025
TS-SBT54(435)	435 W	38.90	13.65	33.34	13.05	≈22.4%	414 W	Sep 11, 2025
TS-SBT54(440)	440 W	39.03	13.73	33.48	13.15	≈22.7%	419 W	Sep 11, 2025
TS-SBT54(445)	445 W	39.16	13.81	33.62	13.25	≈22.9%	423 W	Sep 11, 2025
TS-SBT54(450)	450 W	39.29	13.89	33.75	13.34	≈23.2%	428 W	Sep 11, 2025
TS-SBT54(455)	455 W	39.42	13.97	33.88	13.44	≈23.5%	433 W	Sep 11, 2025
TS-SBT54(460)	460 W	39.56	14.05	34.01	13.54	≈23.7%	438 W	Sep 11, 2025

≈ efficiency = Pmax ÷ CEC-listed area 1.94 m².

Build & dimensions

CEC PV Module List (Oct 7, 2026)

Module area1.94 m² (20.9 ft²)CEC-listed area
Cells108 half-cut cells
Back coverBlack backsheet

Heat & cold behaviour

CEC PV Module List (Oct 7, 2026) · Cali-Graf calculation

	CEC listing test
Pmax coefficient γ	−0.293 %/°C
Voc coefficient β	−0.231 %/°C
Isc coefficient α	+0.045 %/°C
Operating cell temperature	NOCT 43.1 °C

Vmp coefficient ≈ γ − α (CEC); used only for the hot-roof voltage estimate.

Away from lab conditions — CEC listing test points

Class	Pmax at NOCT	Vmp × Imp at NOCT	Pmax at 200 W/m²	Low-light efficiency vs STC
420 W	315.5 W	31.56 V × 10 A	80.9 W	96%
425 W	319.2 W	31.7 V × 10.07 A	81.8 W	96%
430 W	323 W	31.82 V × 10.15 A	82.8 W	96%
435 W	326.8 W	31.96 V × 10.23 A	83.8 W	96%
440 W	330.7 W	32.09 V × 10.31 A	84.8 W	96%
445 W	334.6 W	32.23 V × 10.38 A	85.8 W	96%
450 W	338.2 W	32.35 V × 10.45 A	86.7 W	96%
455 W	342.1 W	32.48 V × 10.53 A	87.7 W	96%
460 W	345.9 W	32.6 V × 10.61 A	88.7 W	96%

Pmax = Vmp × Imp from the CEC listing; low-light efficiency = Pmax at 200 W/m² ÷ (20% of STC Pmax).

Independent reliability testing

Kiwa PVEL Scorecard · RETC PV Module Index

PVEL Scorecards

Thornova Solar named Top Performer, 2024–2026

2026

RETC Overall Highest Achiever

Thornova Solar, manufacturer level

This exact series is not listed in published PVEL Top Performer tables. Results below are for the manufacturer.

RETC PV Module Index — Thornova Solar

Year	Recognition
2026	Overall Highest Achiever; High achievement in performance; High achievement in reliability; Performance discipline high achiever (PAN file, Temperature coefficient, Iam, Letid, Lid); Quality discipline high achiever (BOM verification); Reliability discipline high achiever (Pid, Sdml, Tc, Uvid)

Inverter compatibility & string sizing

CEC PV Module List (Oct 7, 2026) · Cali-Graf calculation · NLR PVWatts v8 · inverter datasheets · NLR SAM inverter library · CEC Grid Support Inverter List (Oct 7, 2026)

CityColdest air, °CHottest cell, °CString inverter

41.1 V

Voc when cold

per panel

27.9 V

Vmp when hot

per panel

Max panels / string

max DC 600 V

Min panels / string

MPPT from 60 V

Defaults come from NLR TMY weather (coldest hour, hottest modeled cell). Code calculations (NEC 690.7) use the ASHRAE extreme annual minimum, which is usually colder — enter it above. β is the CEC-measured coefficient; NEC 690.7 calculations use the datasheet value.

String inverters most named in SoCal permits

Inverter	Max DC input	MPPT	Window source	Panels per string
Tesla 1538000-xx-y	600 V	60–480 V	datasheet	3–14
Solis (Ginlong) S6-EH1P10K-H-US	600 V	80–520 V	datasheet	3–14
Solis (Ginlong) Solis-1P7.6K-4G-US	600 V	100–500 V	datasheet	4–14
Qcells Q.VOLT H7.6SX	498 V	234–498 V	CEC test window	9–12

Microinverters (one per panel)

Microinverter	Recommended module power	Max DC input	MPPT	Voc cold / Vmp hot	Check	DC/AC
Enphase IQ8PLUS-72-2-US	235–440 W	60 V	29–45 V	41.1 / 27.9 V	⚠ Works; below MPPT at peak heat	1.52
Enphase IQ8X-80-M-US	320–540 W	79.5 V	43–60 V	41.1 / 27.9 V	✗ Not a match: module voltage below MPPT range	1.16
APsystems (Alt Power System) DS3-L	265–570 W	60 V	28–45 V	41.1 / 27.9 V	⚠ Works; below MPPT at peak heat	0.56
Enphase IQ8M-72-2-US	260–460 W	60 V	30–45 V	41.1 / 27.9 V	⚠ Works; below MPPT at peak heat	1.35
Enphase IQ8A-72-2-US	295–500 W	60 V	32–45 V	41.1 / 27.9 V	⚠ Works; below MPPT at peak heat	1.26

Voltage check against the microinverter datasheets — confirm the pairing on the manufacturer’s module compatibility list. Rows appear only when the panel’s power is inside the microinverter’s recommended module power range.

SolarEdge and other optimizer-based systems size strings by the optimizer rules — use the manufacturer’s designer. Reference inverters: most named in SoCal permits since Oct 2024.

Expected production in Southern California

NLR PVWatts v8 · Cali-Graf calculation

PanelsCity for chartSystem size

City	kWh / kW / yr	kWh / panel / yr	kWh / system / yr	Sun, kWh/m²/day
Los Angeles	1,676	737	11,799	6.08
Palmdale	1,835	807	12,918	6.69
Chula Vista	1,696	746	11,940	6.11
Huntington Beach	1,643	723	11,567	5.89
Riverside	1,696	746	11,940	6.21
Santa Clarita	1,724	759	12,137	6.28

Estimate for comparison, not a quote: shading, roof orientation and local losses change real output. Roof mount, 20° tilt, south, 14% system losses.

Compare with similar 440 W panels

CEC PV Module List (Oct 7, 2026) · datasheets · Kiwa PVEL Scorecard · building permits

Panel	Pmax	Efficiency	γ Pmax (CEC)	Voc, V	Isc, A	Warranty	PVEL (product / brand)	SoCal permits (series)
Thornova Solar TS-SBT54(440)	440 W	≈22.7%	−0.293	39.03	13.73	—	brand 3×	—
Qcells Q.TRON BLK M-G2+ 440	440 W	≥22.5%	−0.276	39.88	13.9	25 / 25 yr	brand 11× (2016–2026)	40
Silfab Solar SIL-440QD	440 W	≈22.6%	−0.294	38.97	14.25	25 / 30 yr	brand 7× (2017–2025)	39
Hyundai Energy Solutions HiN-T440NF(BK)	440 W	≈22.7%	−0.298	38.8	14.39	25 / 30 yr	brand 5× (2017–2025)	37

Same fields from the same sources for every row; ≈ efficiency is calculated from the listed area. Comparable series: other brands, same product group, power range covering this class.

About Thornova Solar

CEC PV Module List (Oct 7, 2026) · Kiwa PVEL Scorecard · RETC PV Module Index

ManufacturerThornova Solar
Listed in CEC asThornova Solar
PVEL Top Performer (manufacturer)3 Scorecards (2024–2026)
RETC PV Module Index2026
Current panel series in CEC list22

Other series by SoCal permits

TS-BBT54(xxx)-G12RTS-BGT48(xxx)-G12RTS-BGT54(xxx)-G12RTS-BGT66(xxx)-G12RTS-BB54(xxx)TS-BB60(xxx)

Questions & answers

How efficient is the Thornova Solar TS-SBT54(440)?

Calculated from the panel area (1.94 m²): about 22.7% for the 440 W class. 440 W over 1.94 m² equals about 227 W per square meter.

How much energy does one panel produce in Los Angeles or Palmdale?

PVWatts v8 with typical-year weather gives about 737 kWh per year per 440 W panel in Los Angeles and about 807 kWh in Palmdale (20° roof, facing south, 14% system losses).

How much power does it lose on a hot roof?

With γ = −0.293 %/°C, at a 77 °C cell temperature (hottest modeled hour in Palmdale) output is about 15.2% below the STC rating.

How many panels fit on one string?

With the Tesla 1538000-xx-y (max DC 600 V, MPPT from 60 V, datasheet) in Los Angeles the calculator gives 3–14 panels per string (Voc at 2 °C = 41.1 V, Vmp at 74 °C cell = 27.9 V). Final design must follow the inverter manual and NEC 690.7.

Has this panel been reliability-tested?

This exact series is not in published PVEL Top Performer tables; Thornova Solar was named a Top Performer in 3 Scorecards (2024–2026). RETC named Thornova Solar Overall Highest Achiever in 2026.

Sources

California Energy Commission — Solar Equipment Lists, PV Module List, Inverter List (snapshot Oct 7, 2026).
Qcells — manufacturer datasheet “Q.TRON BLK M-G2+ SERIES 415–440 Wp”.
Silfab Solar — datasheet NTC SIL-420 QD CELL TECHNOLOGY.
Hyundai Energy Solutions — datasheet [US] NF(BK)(HiN) Series (N TOPCon Bifacial) 435~445W.
Kiwa PVEL — PV Module Reliability Scorecard, Top Performer lists 2024–2026.
RETC — PV Module Index report.
NLR (formerly NREL) — System Advisor Model CEC inverter library (version 2026.7.3).
NLR (formerly NREL) — PVWatts v8, NSRDB PSM v3 typical-year weather for Los Angeles, Palmdale, Chula Vista, Huntington Beach, Riverside, Santa Clarita.
Inverter datasheets — APsystems (Alt Power System), Enphase, Solis (Ginlong), Tesla (manufacturer documents).
Building permits — Southern California permit portals. Equipment matched from permit descriptions.
Cali-Graf calculations — formulas and inputs are shown next to each calculated value (efficiency from area, temperature-corrected voltages, string sizing, energy estimates).